Freedom riders’ 1947 convictions vacated in North Carolina
Bayard Rustin, deputy director of the March on Washington. (Photo by Ed Clarity/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images)
HILLSBOROUGH, N.C. - Legendary civil rights leader Bayard Rustin and three other men who were sentenced to work on a chain gang in North Carolina after they launched the first of the "freedom rides" to challenge Jim Crow laws had their convictions posthumously vacated Friday, more than seven decades later.
"We failed these men," said Superior Court Judge Allen Baddour, who presided over the special session and at one point paused to gather himself after becoming emotional.
"We failed their cause and we failed to deliver justice in our community," Baddour said. "And for that, I apologize. So we’re doing this today to right a wrong, in public, and on the record."
Speaking to about 100 people in the gallery, Baddour noted they were gathered in the same second-story courtroom in the historic courthouse where the men were initially sentenced.
On April 9, 1947, a group of eight white men and eight Black men began the first "freedom ride" to challenge laws that mandated segregation on buses in defiance of the 1946 U.S. Supreme Court Morgan v. Virginia ruling declaring segregation on interstate travel unconstitutional.
The men boarded buses in Washington, D.C., setting out on a two-week route that included stops in Durham, Chapel Hill and Greensboro, North Carolina. As the riders attempted to board the bus in Chapel Hill, several of them were removed by force and attacked by a group of angry cab drivers. Four of the so-called Freedom Riders — Andrew Johnson, James Felmet, Bayard Rustin, and Igal Roodenko — were arrested and charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to move from the front of the bus.
After a trial in Orange County, the four men were convicted and sentenced to serve on a chain gang. Rustin later published writings about being imprisoned and subjected to hard labor for taking part in the first freedom ride, which was also known as the Journey of Reconciliation.
Renee Price, chair of the Orange County Board of Commissioners, told the audience that the special session resulted from research by Baddour and his staff that was launched after a previous anniversary of the case.
"We are here, 75 years later, to address an injustice and henceforth to correct the narrative regarding the Journey of Reconciliation and that segment of American history," Price said.
In 1942, five years before the Chapel Hill episode, Rustin was beaten by police officers in Nashville, Tennessee, and taken to jail after refusing to move to the back of a bus he had ridden from Louisville, Kentucky, author Raymond Arsenault wrote in the book "Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice." A pioneer of the civil rights movement, Rustin was an adviser to the late Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and was instrumental in organizing the March on Washington in 1963.
Dr. Adriane Lentz-Smith, an associate professor and associate chair in the department of history at Duke University, described Rustin as "a shepherd and a shaper of the 1960s movement." But Lentz-Smith said his role in the struggle eventually diminished over concerns that his being gay and a former member of the Communist Party could hurt the movement.
"He was deliberately moved out of the spotlight," Lentz-Smith said. "The very things that make him remarkable and admirable to us ... in 2022 made him profoundly vulnerable" then, she said.
Rustin’s partner, Walter Naegle, spoke by Zoom Friday and said Rustin and the three men "weren’t fighting for their own good will, but for all of us ... Their faith and their consciences compelled them to act."
Amy Zowniriw, Roodenko’s niece, told the courtroom that her uncle was "the epitome of a moral and righteous citizen, yet he was put in jail for sitting next to his dear friend, Bayard Rustin."
Last month, five District Court judges marked the 75th anniversary of the arrests of Rustin and the three other men in Chapel Hill by reading a statement of apology.
"The Orange County Court was on the wrong side of the law in May 1947, and it was on the wrong side of history," the statement read. "Today, we stand before our community on behalf of all five District Court Judges for Orange and Chatham Counties and accept the responsibility entrusted to us to do our part to eliminate racial disparities in our justice system."
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Foreman is a member of the AP’s Race and Ethnicity team.