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What are PFAS, the concerning 'forever chemicals?'
PFAS are increasingly being found unnaturally in water sources, food, and animals.
WASHINGTON - The Environmental Protection Agency is imposing first-ever limits on certain "forever chemicals" in tap water that will require utilities to reduce them to the lowest level they can be reliably measured.
The rule is the first national drinking water limit on toxic PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are widespread and long-lasting in the environment.
The Biden administration says the action will reduce exposure for 100 million people and help prevent thousands of illnesses, including cancers.
EPA Administrator Michael Regan said the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken on PFAS.
"The result is a comprehensive and life-changing rule, one that will improve the health and vitality of so many communities across our country," said Regan.
Health advocates praised the EPA for not backing away from tough limits that the agency proposed last year. But water utilities took issue with the rule, saying treatment systems are expensive to install and that customers will end up paying more for water. The agency has also proposed forcing utilities to remove dangerous lead pipes.
Utility groups warn the rules will cost tens of billions of dollars each and fall the hardest on small communities with fewer resources. Legal challenges will likely follow.
Here’s what to know about PFAS and the EPA’s new strict limits.
What are PFAS, or ‘forever chemicals?'
PFAS chemicals are hazardous because they don’t degrade in the environment, and have earned the nickname "forever chemicals."
How harmful PFAS are to humans is not yet fully understood, according to the EPA, but the chemicals have been linked to health issues such as low birth weight and kidney cancer.
They've been used in everyday products, ranging from nonstick pans, firefighting foam and waterproof clothing, to toilet paper and cosmetics. Although some of the most common types are phased out in the U.S., others remain.
A government study released last year found that drinking water from nearly half of U.S. faucets likely contains "forever chemicals." With the new rule, water providers will now be forced to remove contamination put in the environment by other industries.
"It's that accumulation that's the problem," Scott Belcher, a North Carolina State University professor who researches PFAS toxicity, told the Associated Press. "Even tiny, tiny, tiny amounts each time you take a drink of water over your lifetime is going to keep adding up, leading to the health effects."
The EPA’s new ‘forever chemicals’ rule
PFAS is a broad family of chemical substances, and the new rule sets strict limits on two common types — called PFOA and PFOS — at 4 parts per trillion.
Three other types that include GenEx Chemicals that are a major problem in North Carolina are limited to 10 parts per trillion.
Water providers will have to test for these PFAS chemicals and tell the public when levels are too high. Combinations of some PFAS types will be limited, too.
Regan was set to announce the rule during an event in Fayetteville, North Carolina, on Wednesday.
Some funds are available to help utilities adhere to the new limits.
Manufacturer 3M recently agreed to pay more than $10 billion to drinking water providers to settle PFAS litigation. The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law also includes billions to combat PFAS.
However, utilities say more will be needed.
Reaction to the EPA’s new PFAS rule in tap water
Environmental and health advocates praised the rule, but said PFAS manufacturers knew decades ago the substances were dangerous yet hid or downplayed the evidence.
They argue that limits on these chemicals should have come sooner.
"Reducing PFAS in our drinking water is the most cost effective way to reduce our exposure," Scott Faber, a food and water expert at the Environmental Working Group, said in a statement. "It's much more challenging to reduce other exposures such as PFAS in food or clothing or carpets."
Over the last year, EPA has periodically released batches of utility test results for PFAS in drinking water. Roughly 16% of utilities found at least one of the two strictly limited PFAS chemicals at or above the new limits. These utilities serve tens of millions of people. The Biden administration, however, expects about 6%-10% of water systems to exceed the new limits.
Water providers will generally have three years to do testing. If those tests exceed the limits, they’ll have two more years to install treatment systems, according to EPA officials.
For some communities, the test results were a surprise. Last June, a utility outside Philadelphia that serves nearly 9,000 people learned that one of its wells had a PFOA level of 235 parts per trillion, among the highest results in the country at the time.
"I mean, obviously, it was a shock," said Joseph Hastings, director of the joint public works department for the Collegeville and Trappe boroughs, whose job includes solving problems presented by new regulations.
The well was quickly yanked offline, but Hastings still doesn't know the contamination source. Several other wells were above the EPA's new limits, but lower than those the state of Pennsylvania set earlier.
Now, Hastings says installing treatment systems could be a multi-million dollar endeavor, a major expense for a small customer base.
The new regulation is "going to throw public confidence in drinking water into chaos," said Mike McGill, president of WaterPIO, a water industry communications firm.
The American Water Works Association, an industry group, says it supports the development of PFAS limits in drinking water, but argues the EPA's rule has big problems.
The agency underestimated its high cost, which can't be justified for communities with low levels of PFAS, and it'll raise customer water bills, the association said. Plus, there aren't enough experts and workers — and supplies of filtration material are limited.
Work in some places has started. The company Veolia operates utilities serving about 2.3 million people across six eastern states and manages water systems for millions more. Veolia built PFAS treatment for small water systems that serve about 150,000 people. The company expects, however, that roughly 50 more sites will need treatment — and it's working to scale up efforts to reduce PFAS in larger communities it serves.
PFAS health harms emerge in recent years
The new rule and other recent efforts have followed dramatic shifts in EPA's health guidance for PFAS in recent years as more research into its health harms emerged.
Less than a decade ago, EPA issued a health advisory that PFOA and PFOS levels combined shouldn't exceed 70 parts per trillion. Now, the agency says no amount is safe.
Public alarm has increased, too.
In Minnesota, for example, Amara's Law aims to stop avoidable PFAS use. It's been nearly a year since the law's namesake, Amara Strande, died from a rare cancer her family blames on PFAS contamination by 3M near her high school in Oakdale, although a connection between PFAS and her cancer can't be proven.
Biden administration officials say communities shouldn't suffer like Oakdale. 3M says it extends its deepest condolences to Amara's friends and family.
Losing Amara pushed the family towards activism. They've testified multiple times in favor of PFAS restrictions.
"Four parts per trillion, we couldn’t ask for a better standard," Amara's sister Nora said. "It's a very ambitious goal, but anything higher than that is endangering lives."
‘Forever chemicals’ found in Band-Aids, other bandage brands
Just this month, a consumer study found that well-known bandage brands like Band-Aid and Curad may contain concerning levels of PFAS.
Out of 40 bandages tested from 18 different brands, 26 were found to have organic fluorine, indicating the presence of PFAS. This discovery raises important questions about the safety of these commonly used products.
"Because bandages are placed upon open wounds, it’s troubling to learn that they may be also exposing children and adults to PFAS," said Dr. Linda S. Birnbaum, the study’s co-author and the former director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program.
According to the study, the chemicals were detected in the adhesive component of the bandages. Mamavation, which helped conduct the study with Environmental Health News, suggested that certain brands might have incorporated PFAS into their bandages "for their waterproof qualities."
Bandages are among the long list of consumer goods found to have PFAS. Environmental and health groups have pushed dozens of fast food companies, supermarket chains and other retail outlets in recent years to remove PFAS chemicals from their packaging – used for decades to prevent grease, water and other liquids from soaking through wrappers, boxes and bags.
The Associated Press and Kelly Hayes contributed to this story.